How Colors Work

by | Nov 29, 2022 | Art, Technology | 187 comments

 

I was very pleased with myself in kindergarten. Playing with the paints I had colors all figured out:

  • Mix red and yellow to get orange.
  • Mix red and blue to get purple.
  • Mix yellow and blue to get green.
  • Mix red, yellow, and black to get brown.

In modern technical parlance this would be called an RYBK system for the primarily colors: Red, Yellow, and Blue; and with a darkness component blacK. I suppose that artists still use this scheme on their palettes but color printers do not. There are two reasons for this:

  1. Red and blue are dark colors. Unless there’s a source of white paint there’s no way to lighten colors to get pink or sky blue.
  2. There’s a difference between paint and printer ink. Paint is opaque and hides the underlying surface. Printer ink is translucent and stains the underlying surface retaining some of its color. Since the underlying surface is nearly always white paper “lightness” comes for free.

Instead of RYBK, color printers use a system called CMYK the properties of which surprised me when I learned about it two decades after my childhood certainty:

  • C is for Cyan, light blue.
  • M is for Magenta, pink.
  • Y is for Yellow.
  • K is for blacK.

To me it still seems wrong that red and blue aren’t primary but:

  • Mix cyan and magenta to get blue.
  • Mix cyan and yellow to get green.
  • Mix magenta and yellow to get red.
  • Mix cyan, magenta, and yellow to get black.

Here’s a visual aid:

So if mixing cyan, magenta, and yellow makes black why do color printers have a separate black ink cartridge? Again there are two reasons:

  1. While CMY black is black in theory, in practice it’s a dark gray.
  2. Most color printers also print a lot of text. Printing it as CMY is nominally three times as expensive as printing it with actual black ink.

Even CMYK has limits. More expensive color printers have cartridges for light cyan and light magenta to better render lighter colors. This is a refill kit for such a printer:

But we’re not supposed to print stuff anymore in this age of modern telecommunications. Keep your eyes on those screens, buddy, and know that they do color completely differently.

The CMYK color printer system is called “subtractive” because mixing ink colors produces a darker result on a white background. Light emitting screens use an “additive” system, complementary to CMYK, called RGB for Red, Green, and Blue where mixing light (as in ray) colors produces a lighter result on a black background:

  • Mix red and green to get yellow.
  • Mix red and blue to get magenta.
  • Mix green and blue to get cyan.
  • Mix red, green, and blue to get white.

Here’s a visual aid. You can see that it’s the complement of the CMYK system:

You can demonstrate this with three flashlights and some red, green, and blue filters.

Most images in common file formats like JPEG, PNG, or BMP are encoded using the RGB system. Usually each color component is assigned a value from zero to 255 to fit in a single byte of information. Color (0,0,0) is black and (255,255,255) is white. Because the CMYK system has four components it has the potential to express a wider variety of colors than RGB. Images prepared with the intention of printing are encoded using CMYK but this is rare. Of the thousands of images on my file server exactly one is encoded as CMYK.

You’ll get some math and you’ll like it!

RGB color components are usually values from zero to 255. CMYK color components are usually values from zero to 1.0. Because the CMYK system has four components it can express colors that can’t be expressed by RGB but all RGB colors can be expressed by CMYK. This is how you do it:

From RGB values R, G, and B; calculate initial values for C, M, and Y as follows:

C = 1 - (R / 255)
M = 1 - (G / 255)
Y = 1 - (B / 255)

The value of K is the smallest of C, M, and Y:

K = min(C,M,Y)

If K is one, meaning the color is pure black, then C, M, and Y are set to zero. Otherwise calculate temporary value T:

T = 1 - K

And calculate final values for C, M, and Y:

C = (C - K) / T
M = (M - K) / T
Y = (Y - K) / T

This is a low-level mathematical conversion that doesn’t add any value to the color encoding. A proper RGB to CMYK conversion would take into account the precise color of the CMYK inks and how different ink densities transfer to the paper.

About The Author

Richard

Richard

187 Comments

  1. Brochettaward

    I can hear…no, feel the reverberations of the war drums smashing against my chest. The shrieking and growls of the thirders as they are let off their leash pierces my very being. A great calamity for all the world. The Third Eye never rests. It is ever vigilant.

    Richard talks of colors. He has not seen what I have seen. He claims to have seen things, but he has not seen what I have seen.

    • Tundra

      Attack ships on fire off the shoulder of Orion?

  2. Pine_Tree

    It’s always good to see the spectrum of talents and interests displayed in Glib articles. Thanks Richard.

    • Richard

      You’re welcome!

    • Richard

      What you did there, it was seen.

      • Pine_Tree

        I was getting concerned.

  3. The Other Kevin

    Thanks Richard. This article is crashing two of my worlds together. I took a few college art classes, one of them being color theory. One thing I remember is when using paint, there was no “primary” red, yellow, or blue that comes in a tube, so sometimes you had to mix a few blues or a few reds in order to get a blue or red that you could mix to get other colors.

    My other world is web development, so I occasionally work with those RBG values too.

    • Richard

      While doing research for this article I discovered you can type a color name and “RGB” into DuckDuckGo and it’ll give you numbers for the color in several systems:

      https://duckduckgo.com/?q=sky+blue+rgb

    • Gender Traitor

      ::suffers flashback to college art course “Visual Fundamentals,” in which you had to compete with all your classmates to find and cut out one square inch of pure [insert color here] from a photo found in the pile of old magazines. Old facial tic returns::

      • UnCivilServant

        You’re not going to get a complete square inch of solid color in most magazines.

      • Name's BEAM. James BEAM.

        Unless they’re titled “Business Graphics Today” or somesuch.

      • Jarflax

        Hey GT! what were the terms of our bet again? I said Biden (barring dying in office) finishes the term, you said 2 years I believe? and was the amount $100?

      • Gender Traitor

        I saved a screenshot on my laptop, so I’ll check it when I get home this evening. The dollar amount looks right (donated to Glibs Foundation.) Terms may have been finishes term or is removed. Stay tuned.

      • Jarflax

        Excellent! I saved one as well, but then forgot where I saved it and have not found it lol

  4. Fourscore

    When I go to the paint store to buy paint and take a sample product (like a board) the new paint never seems to match when it’s used. I’m guessing the sample is weathered and at some point the old and the new will match. Maybe the paint is two different brands and the chemistry is slightly different. I never worry about it and no one ever complains, not even my wife. She’s just happy that I finally got around to repainting.

    Thanks, Richard, always interesting

    • Pat

      I’m guessing the sample is weathered and at some point the old and the new will match. Maybe the paint is two different brands and the chemistry is slightly different.

      My dad was a painting contractor, and that’s basically how he described it. Even the good, local paint shops could never match with 100% accuracy. Then again, that was 20 years ago, and technology has advanced. Nevertheless, matching paint is still a royal pain in the ass. You’re almost always better off just biting the bullet and repainting an entire wall or piece than trying to get a matching sample to touch up.

      • Tundra

        Yep. Even interior paint is really tough to match. The best paint shop could get pretty close, but I think you are right – repaint the whole section.

      • Fourscore

        Yeah, I’ve did that too.

      • Name's BEAM. James BEAM.

        I’ve had surprising (to me) success with the new paint-matching systems — I’ve matched wall paint and weathered fence stain (33 years old) to a visual standard that can’t be detected by most people. My preferred paints and stains come from a local Benjamin Moore store.

        This was a recent revelation. Colour-matching even ten years ago didn’t get close enough to fool my eyes.

      • Lackadaisical

        I think you’re right. Also, is it’s a small enough job, ‘close’ will work.

        That said, I still save all my paints.

      • Zwak, who taser's the chimp with the razor.

        I had really good luck with one hardware store in CA, mostly because the paint guy would look at the sample, match it, and then go something like two points lighter/darker, depending on the piece. Worked a charm, and I have never been able to find a guy who could do that since.

      • The Other Kevin

        Even using artists’ paint, you might have variation from tube to tube. Back when they were doing hand drawn animation at Disney, they’d have huge batches of the same color made, and have jars and jars of exactly the same color so that the characters wouldn’t have color differences from one animation cell to the next.

      • WTF

        It still blows me away that all of that fantastic old Disney animation was done by hand.

      • The Other Kevin

        I would love to see it come back. With that much work involved, they had to pay close attention to detail and make every shot count.

      • Rat on a train

        -1 Hanna-Barbera

      • one true athena

        Cloth as well. I ordered three purple bridesmaids dresses and had them sent. So the three dresses weren’t together until my wedding day. One dress was a distinctly different dye lot.

      • UnCivilServant

        Don’t get me started on color match when painting armies of miniatures over the course of years.

        “Which black did you use?”

      • Gender Traitor

        See also: matching dye lot of multiple skeins of yarn for a project of any size.

      • UnCivilServant

        “Oh just leave this one out in the sun for a while to fade”

        “But then it will be uneven!”

      • Lackadaisical

        The good news is, that historically at least, no one ever matched exactly anyway.

      • The Other Kevin

        Thankfully when oil painting I don’t use huge amounts of paint so I might have the same tube for years.

    • Mojeaux

      I have gone to a paint store with the color numbers in CMYK and RGB, and they don’t do that. Well, okay, LOWE’S doesn’t do that.

      However, I can put “Prussian blue” (blueprint blue) (hey, Peg!) in Google and then find the Pantone. If I can get a Pantone color swatch (Lowe’s used to have them; I don’t know about now), then I’m good. I THINK you can tell Lowe’s the Pantone color number and they can do it.

  5. Pat

    Color is bloat. No one needs anything more than monochrome.

    Or at least that’s how I feel every time I open an image I saved from the modern web only to be asked if I’d like to convert from c2 to sRGB color profiles…

    • Rat on a train

      There are models like YCbCr and YIQ which use a monochrome primary channel.

  6. Scruffy Nerfherder

    Color spaces are a pain in the ass.

    Particularly when you consider that there are genetic differences that cause your eyes to render color differently.

    • Fourscore

      I had a hunting partner that was color blind. At least twice I had to track a wounded deer for him because he couldn’t differentiate between red and brown.
      A couple times he had missed the deer and I spent some time looking for non-existing sign. I hate that when it happens.

      • Lackadaisical

        So, tigers are orange because mammals cannot easily produce green pigment and their pretty is color blind to orange/green differences.

        Does human color blindness mean that safety orange vests are useless on that guy?

      • Lackadaisical

        ‘their prey is color blind’

      • Zwak, who taser's the chimp with the razor.

        It’s cool, some people use Pretty and Prey interchangeably.

      • Dr Mossy Lawn

        It is why as a hunter you can wear orange with deer and similar prey, but you cannot for Turkeys.. full camo required.

  7. Tundra

    Thanks, Richard!

    I used to do a ton of printing and when the five and six color presses became ubiquitous you could really do some cool shit.

    • Richard

      My small town has a print shop with an HP printer six feet wide. The proprietor used it to print a brick pattern on some weatherproof backing and hung it around the base of the warehouse-like building. She had to point it out to me. It looked very smart.

  8. Not Adahn

    Question: Does this change how color theory is taught to elementary school kids? I think I was in middle school before I learned about the difference between the “primary colors of light” and the “primary colors of paint,” but even then the paint colors were red/yellow/blue.

    And then there’s that whole “magenta doesn’t really exist” thing.

    • Tundra

      The only colors being taught now are skin pigments. And there are only two.

      • WTF

        And the two colors are: Victim and Oppressor.

      • Rat on a train

        It’s a black and white world.

      • juris imprudent

        White and wrong?

      • MikeS

        And Wong is White.

        Usually.

      • Plisade

        Two Wongs don’t make a white.

  9. Rat on a train

    What about other standards? (HSV, YCbCr, …)

  10. Fatty Bolger

    But can you paint with all the colors of the wind?

    • Rat on a train

      Not without Disney’s permission.

      • Rebel Scum

        Or without whatever is in the peace pipe.

  11. DEG

    A long time ago when I was an undergrad I did some image processing (object detection, edge detection, transforms). We worked primarily with grayscale since it was an undergraduate course and grayscale was easier. We did touch a bit on color, but I don’t remember having to write code to process any color images.

    Thanks Richard!

    • Scruffy Nerfherder

      My digital image processing instructor thought it would be amusing to add topics to the final that we had never seen before.

      Just to see if we could figure it out.

    • Richard

      The color stuff I’ve done has all been very simple. I extract the R, G, and B planes as monochrome images, process them identically, and merge back to color. The automatic Perfect Featured Image program I wrote and uploaded works like that. A real image scientist would point his finger at me and snigger.

  12. KK the Porcine Pearl-Eater

    I once had a job interview where I was quizzed about various hex codes to see if I could approximate what color something was based on the code.

    Motherfucker, that’s what Google is for!

    • UnCivilServant

      That tells me whoever was interviewing you didn’t know the work.

  13. UnCivilServant

    I really hate scammers. I wasn’t taken in, but the scam call I got around 12:30 still angers me.

    It claimed to be from the power company saying that services were about to be shut off in a half hour for nonpayment. It was clearly a scam and I even said “Do you think I’m stupid?” as I hung up – the recording said ‘dear customer’, and claimed to be from ‘your power company’ without once naming the power company in question. Plus, the real power company doesn’t do shutoffs in winter around here, and bends over backwards to set up payment programs to avoid disconnects. And I have never been personally behind on paying that bill.

    What angered me was knowing what sort of people who would fall for it are those least able to deal with the loss of funds to the scam.

    • Tundra

      What angered me was knowing what sort of people who would fall for it are those least able to deal with the loss of funds to the scam.

      Precisely.

      If you’ve ever read Good Omens, there is a memorable scene where a demon from Hell addresses the telemarking problem once and for all. Good stuff.

  14. PutridMeat

    OT: from dead thread, JI says – why does anyone ever get mad about how the meaningless election turns out?

    For my part – on a strictly personal selfish level: During covid, I live in a state with a nominally republican governor. Wish-washy on covid response, but mostly left municipalities to make local determinations, and actively made it illegal for firing state or state adjacent employees based on vaccine refusal. Now my employer gets a fair amount of federal funding, and so succumbed to the federal mandate – can’t let go of any of the federal lucre to pad our grift! But now they were stuck between a state level requirement and risk of lawsuits and keeping the fed printing press spiting in their direction. What to do? Well, they essentially blank checked exemptions requests; I suspect one could have shit on a blank piece of paper and signed in crayon – even if said crayon was at the intersection of red-green-blue and hence invisible on a white sheet of paper – and had your request granted. If I didn’t have a nominally republican governor willing to do at least the executive order, my employer would have been fully on the fire the unclean dissenters from the orthodoxy. It was the threat of suits under state law that allowed me to keep my job. With the loss of even a nominally conservative governor, the next time this happens – and it almost certainly will – I’ll be SOL unless the legislator finds its balls.

    On a more global scale – very few neo-fascists were punished for their actions during covid. In fact, many were apparently rewarded. It bring into stark relief that we are well and truly fucked as a society.

    That’s why I care about the outcome of a meaningless election – on a personal level it will have a direct impact. On a more global esoteric level, I have a much harder time seeing any hope for the future of the country.

    • Richard

      “even if said crayon was at the intersection of red-green-blue and hence invisible on a white sheet of paper”

      LOL at being on-topic.

    • R.J.

      City of Dallas is considering a gas powered mower ban. Why? Because the council is full of leftists. It matters to keep out the leftists.

      • Michael Malaise

        Where does electricity come from in Tejas, besides the wall outlet?

      • R C Dean

        Way too much wind and solar, which made its contribution to last winter’s blackout. But mostly natural gas and coal.

    • juris imprudent

      OK PM, you point right at the problem. It isn’t just about the One Glorious Leader (Lake being the AZ variant) – it is about the whole fucking political institution. And we have that because of the rot of our body politic – the stupid people we know all around us who scream like banshees when the govt doesn’t DO SOMETHING about some thing. We even indulge in our own variety of that here, but I’ll leave that as an exercise for the reader.

      • Tundra

        I can influence things in my neighborhood. Perhaps even in my town.

        It’s so bloody obvious that focus should stay local, but that’s not nearly as entertaining as watching the potential Top. Men. beclown themselves.

    • Lackadaisical

      “That’s why I care about the outcome of a meaningless election – on a personal level it will have a direct impact. ”

      Yup, if the past 4 years have shown anything to be, it is that elections DO mean something. The hard part is predicting exactly what they will mean.

      • R C Dean

        I would go with “official election results” do mean something. The degree to which those results match valid ballots legally cast and counted is becoming . . . variable.

    • juris imprudent

      And let’s be honest, many, many people are on board with not thinking for themselves. Maybe even an honesty majority of the populace.

    • Scruffy Nerfherder

      I think I’ll start touting the psychological benefits of stringing would-be totalitarians up from lampposts.

    • R C Dean

      Now do the psychological damage due to social isolation caused by masking. Don’t forget the leveraged social isolation of the hard of hearing.

  15. hoof_in_mouth

    Very nice article, well done. I actually did some rgb/cmyk conversions many years ago trying to get things drawn on a pdf (in postscript) to look the same as an image in the pdf. It was just a math problem and I never realized how they fit together.

    • Richard

      Thanks!

      I’d forgotten that I’d written some stuff in PostScript. It was all monochrome predating the advent of inexpensive color laser printers.

  16. R.J.

    Richard! Good to see you. I have some of the codes memorized for my company color schemes in RGB. I don’t use any other scale, thankfully.

    • Richard

      I’d been considering this article for awhile but STEVE SMITH’s recent demand for MUNIES and/or WRITINGS provided motivation to type it in.

  17. Name's BEAM. James BEAM.

    This is precisely the reason why I hate sending my images out to be printed; without intermediate prints to do adjusting, there’s little hope that the final is going to be what I want.

    I occasionally get close, but never close enough to be perfectly satisfied.

    • Scruffy Nerfherder

      Sure. Why the fuck not?

  18. Brochettaward

    I tell you that the apocalypse is nigh, that all Firsters could meet their end at the hands of the Anti-Firsters, and you people go on as if nothing has happened.

    The few, the proud, the Firsters. They will stand alone.

    • juris imprudent

      They will stand alone.

      In a corner?

      • Zwak, who taser's the chimp with the razor.

        Wearing a funny hat?

    • MikeS

      You and me, Bro. Shoulder to shoulder.

      • R.J.

        #Istandwithbro

  19. PutridMeat

    At Tundra – I’ve seen you wondering about negative reactions to “Ancient Apocalypse”. I down loaded it based on recommendations here (you’d think I’d have learned after that gel stain debacle – INSERT SMILEY FACE!). I’ve only watched the first two episodes. I found the first one pretty good. The second one… a mess of assertions with no evidence, over interpreting what evidence there was and forcing it into a thesis without justification beyond assertion. It reminded me very quickly of the hokum that was the “ancient alien” craze back in the ’70s.

    Example: “Look, this culture had a pyramid!” “Oh, and they built over an older pyramid!” “But look these 10 other cultures had pyramids too!” “And some where built over springs!” “And many aligned – for some value of aligned – with the setting sun on the equinox!” “And they have common ‘creation’ stories!” “THERE’S NO POSSIBLE EXPLANATION OTHER THAN THEY WERE ALL DESCENDED FROM AND CREATED BY AN ANCIENT ADVANCED CIVILIZATION!” Really? A species with a common evolutionary heritage couldn’t possibly have disparate groups come up with the same easy, stable architectural structure? And a species that needs fresh water couldn’t independently build structures around sources? And a species that depends on sunlight couldn’t possibly be fascinated by the big glowing orb in the sky that influenced so many aspects of their existence that they’d be interested in it independently?

    I’ll watch the rest, but the 2nd episode was a rats nest of pseudo-scientific speculation.

    • Brochettaward

      If there was any ancient civilization that gave birth to those known to history, you can rest assured that their downfall was a result of allowing their Firsters to be overrun by seconders.

      Those who do not stand with The First shall perish in their wake.

    • UnCivilServant

      It continues in that same vein.

      I wanted facts and methodology and something to address why the alternative explainations don’t fit as well as his assertion. The words “I believe” showed up an awful lot of times when he should have been making a case. He also spent a lot of time fighting strawman archeologists. I’m suspecting the actual response he got from archeologists was “Where’s your evidence?”

    • Tundra

      I said don’t use the gel stain! (Ok, maybe not)

      Isn’t pseudo-scientific speculation called a hypothesis?

      I found it very entertaining and a lot of fun to speculate. The sciences are truly so fucked up right now I doubt you could get a consensus even if Jesus came down and laid it all out with proofs and video.

      Maybe I’m wistful for the ancient aliens hokum.

      Like this!

      • UnCivilServant

        I had no issue with his postulate being investigated.

        I had issue with the way he went about it.

      • UnCivilServant

        As I mentioned in another comment, I would love for there to be more history before known history.

        Because I want it to be there, I also want to be sure the way it’s investigated is sound, and not created from wild fantasy.

      • Lackadaisical

        If Jesus came down and laid it all out with proofs and video, they’d be even more determined to prove him wrong.

      • Tundra

        True. Unless he truly was a tranny.

    • Richard

      I gave up three-quarters of the way through the first episode. The presenter’s agenda was just too much. I kept asking myself “What’s the definition of an advanced civilization?”

    • R.J.

      It had a good ending that tied it all together. And no, it wasn’t “human caused climate change killed them all!” So you can keep watching and enjoying.

      It was Godzilla. He wiped out humanity on behalf of Buddha.

      • Tundra

        I thought it was cool how Jesus rode Godzilla. That was pretty sweet!

      • UnCivilServant

        Don’t be silly.

        Buddha was much too recent for the time periods being talked about.

      • R.J.

        Party pooper! My science says Buddha was around 12,500 years ago.

      • UnCivilServant

        Drop the leading digit and you’re spot on.

      • PutridMeat

        It had a good ending that tied it all together.

        I’ll very likely keep going, but it won’t be a binge watch! I think the evidence for a catastrophic event somewhere 10-15k years ago is intriguing; I wouldn’t necessarily put it in the ‘compelling’ camp, but there’s some good evidence, geologically as well as culturally, for something happening. I get less sanguine when somebody extrapolates to some ancient ‘advanced’ (“What’s the definition of an advanced civilization?” – RJ) being wiped out by it. As a hypothesis, have at it – but Hancock seems very adept at twisting and torturing everything to fit into his idea. Usually, you need someone passionate about a hypothesis to force into confrontation with evidence, but I will still rank order in likelyhood and Hancock doesn’t come anywhere near tunneling through the barrier.

        It was Godzilla. Now there’s a hypothesis! I’m in.

      • Fatty Bolger

        The Younger Dryas period isn’t something he made up, that’s well accepted science. That a catastrophic impact event triggered it has largely been disproved.

      • R.J.

        The definition of an advanced civilization: They invented couches with comfortable throw pillows.

      • Name's BEAM. James BEAM.

        And their dogs fully occupied them all.

    • R C Dean

      I’ve always thought the “cultures all over the world built pyramids, therefore _____________” was dumb. Pyramids are the simplest and most durable structures to build at large scale. That’s it. That’s why there are so many of them.

    • Plisade

      I felt the same with one exception… The dating of some of the structures dude presents, assuming it’s accurate, would lead me to believe that maybe humans were more “advanced” and scattered across the globe before the last ice age than previously known.

      As for what can be considered “advanced”… To me, humans are humans. So yeah, they were as smart and as capable as us, so I’m never surprised to learn they did amazing things way back when, though I do find their works fascinating and impressive.

      • UnCivilServant

        I noted early on that he was real evasive about what exactly was dated to when and how it was dated in a lot of these places.

      • Plisade

        Now that you mention it, I might be the victim of some clever conflation. If I watch it again (I did nap through some of it) I’ll be on the lookout.

      • UnCivilServant

        He was more evasive when there was mention at all of methodology.

        Other times he simply says “was dated to…” without elaboration, or jumps on the lack of datable material as evidence of an older date than the available evidence suggests.

    • Stinky Wizzleteats

      Is that that an accurate characterization, that the pyramids in different places are indicative of the possibility of a shared earlier mother culture or do they just suggest it as a certainty? One has some merit but needs (much) more proof, the other is way overstepping what the evidence provides.

      • UnCivilServant

        Other than being large structures with a rectillinear foundation and sides below the angle of repose for their construction material, all of the pyramids cited had no common traits.

        The way the host presents it he acts as though it is a certainty while dripping in weasel words to go “I never said that” if challenged.

      • Stinky Wizzleteats

        Disappointing to hear, it is an intriguing idea and the current evidence does suggest civilizations popped up earlier than we thought, at least in isolated pockets. Overstating one’s case is a way to get a series and make bank but it’s also a good way to discredit yourself.

      • Fatty Bolger

        He presents it as a possibility, but one he strongly believes is true.

    • Fatty Bolger

      My wife and I watched it. It’s enjoyable, complete poppycock I’m afraid, but still enjoyable because he doesn’t completely ignore scientific reality and the various sites are beautiful and amazing. It’s definitely a cut above your Von Daniken type nonsense. The problem is, while he has a very interesting hypothesis, there’s little to no proof to support it, something he admits himself. And I don’t buy the idea that archaeologists refuse to look for proof of humans being in an area earlier than currently believed, or older structures. In reality that’s every archaeologist’s dream.

      • UnCivilServant

        In all of his burning of strawmen, I really expected him to bring up the Clovis-first and Preclovis debacle as evidence of when hidebound ideas led to overlooking older habitation. It didn’t even come up. Probably because discussion of the stone tools and related technologies spanning the time frame where he planted his advanced civilization would make people go “wait a minute…”

    • Scruffy Nerfherder

      There once was a Pres from Nantucket…

      • UnCivilServant

        …who was two planks short of a bucket…

      • Tundra

        …his autos they burned…

      • MikeS

        …his pussy-grabbing advances they spurned…

      • Zwak, who taser's the chimp with the razor.

        But he went home on a junket!

    • R C Dean

      I think we can add Musk to the list of suspects.

      • Fourscore

        “There’s this one little trick that can be done with Teslas,” only Musk knows the code.

        That’s why I don’t have a Tesla and I don’t piss Musk off.

    • R.J.

      …Or bad lithium ion batteries and smoking crack don’t go together.

    • Gender Traitor

      Continuing coverage: “Hertz reports burned Secret Service rental vehicles as stolen.”

    • Plisade

      China.

  20. Mojeaux

    Great article!

    I have noticed that the most problems I have switching between CMYK (print) and RGB (ebook/display) is with neon. I had a serious problem with this on a book cover I did for one client. She wanted these crazy colors that were just fine in RGB, but the second I switched to CMYK, it dulled the colors. I had a helluva time trying to explain that to her.

    • Tundra

      I used 5 color presses a lot for that very reason. Being able to do most of the art in CMYK but tightly controlling the 5th color was great. Also di a lot with spot varnish. That was cool, too.

      • Lackadaisical

        “spot varnish”

        That some kind of gel stain?

      • Zwak, who taser's the chimp with the razor.

        Nope, can’t be. At least one person has a favorable opinion about it!

    • Richard

      Thanks!

      Did you suggest the book be covered with an LCD screen?

      • Dr Mossy Lawn

        Unfortunately those hue’s are outside of the general CMYK color gamut.

        https://img.favpng.com/20/20/10/yellow-cmyk-color-model-rgb-color-model-gamut-png-favpng-0sZQHN67PDzsJuCK1rmPgunE8.jpg

        And printing will supplement with a special color layer for metallics etc.. for extra $$$ of course.

        I remember trying to get color washes (100% to 0%) on 4 color offset digital presses in the 80’s.. they went “white” below about 20% color.. you had to either stop at 20% or use a prepress dither. We changed the wash to 20% since it was an effect, It was a very clear cutoff in the proofs.

      • Name's BEAM. James BEAM.

        “E-book graphics can glow because the e-book itself glows. Printed books can’t.”

        Many years ago I used a variation of this explanation on a “branding expert” for a company I was consulting to. She didn’t like it, but after talking to others in her field who knew a lot more about colour theory than she did, she finally accepted it.

        Didn’t stop her from grumbling, though.

      • PutridMeat

        Can you suggest a color scheme to cover up walls painted in “desert dawn” (read as ‘pink’)? Asking for a friend…

      • UnCivilServant

        One of the bedrooms in my house was a hot pink when I bought it. Two layers of primer covered it to the point that I could put whatever color I wanted and not fret.

      • Richard

        If the wall is painted magenta then in theory adding a yellow tint will turn it red and adding a cyan tint will turn it blue. Test the theory!

      • PutridMeat

        No man, desert dawn!

        It’ll be all like relaxing and meditative as I sip my morning coffee. Like a cool breeze of dry desert air before sunrise. Magical!

        “Ah, dude, that’s pink”

        No, it’s deser… Ah fuck, it’s pink.

      • R.J.

        I like the way you think.

  21. MikeS

    I knew about the different systems and that they were different, but didn’t know why. Great explanation, Richard.

    • Richard

      Thanks!

    • The Other Kevin

      To call this a “feature not a bug” would be like calling the Pacific Ocean a little damp. One might even say that was the point of the whole thing.

      • Zwak, who taser's the chimp with the razor.

        I am shocked, SHOCKED, to hear of money laundering in this establishment!

        /palms check for 2ml.

    • rhywun

      Rand Putin, amirite?

      • The Other Kevin

        In league with Tulsi KGaBard, no doubt.

    • Not Adahn

      They lost it investing in FTX?

  22. juris imprudent

    FUCK YEAH!

    • rhywun

      He “took one” for the team. Ouch.

      • juris imprudent

        Yep, when someone says “I’d give my left nut” – he did.

    • Plisade

      I’m actually watching this, first soccer game on my own initiative. Feels like an important one.

      • juris imprudent

        We should be up 3-0 and right now, one dumb mistake or lucky break and it’s all even.

    • Certified Public Asshat

      Still trying to figure out how Weah was offsides. I’m sure LINES were drawn, but the line in the grass says he was onside.

      • juris imprudent

        Yeah, I’ll be interested to see the automated system, because the replay he sure looked on.

    • MikeS

      I’m scared to click. The stupid might be enough to kill.

      • Tundra

        Self-own. Safe to click.

      • Stinky Wizzleteats

        Would it be better if the guy just called her a dumb bitch? Because she is, entitled too…

      • MikeS

        She’s taking the time to like every snitch bragging about reporting it, too. CWAC

      • Stinky Wizzleteats

        It’s the age of the hall monitor sycophant snitch. Best get used to it.

    • Zwak, who taser's the chimp with the razor.

      “In this house, my vagina smells like…”

    • Plisade

      That’s the kind of Twitter *I* want.

    • Rebel Scum

      Is this the freedom of speech you want, @elonmusk? How about copywrite infringement is that fine by you too?

      Yes. It’s called a meme. The left is not skilled in this form of communication.

      • juris imprudent

        Therefore that communication must not be allowed. The mullahs aren’t as hard over as these freaks.

    • Scruffy Nerfherder

      She really is a stupid one.

    • J. Frank Parnell

      I don’t see her denying it.

  23. Mojeaux

    #TFW you wore out your brain 2 hours ago, you’ve still got the rest of the day to go, and you don’t know what to do next, and it’s only 2pm.

    • R.J.

      Yeah. Just finished my 1 on 1. A ten page update document. Handling too much. My brain is now fried. I wish to do nothing, or read a book. “The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin” beckons.

      • Fatty Bolger

        Huh, didn’t know it was a book.

      • R.J.

        I found it on eBay. Great read. His obsession with legs really comes out.

  24. J. Frank Parnell
    • Tundra

      Holy shit, I married Myrna Loy!

      • Ted S.

        Did your wife want a flower sink, too?

  25. Ted S.

    The USMNT did everything they could to blow that game in stoppage time.